With deepfakes becoming increasingly more sophisticated, it is harder than ever to tell the difference between what’s real and what’s not. Today, we will tell you about some tell-tale signs that will help you detect deepfake videos. With these tools in hand, we hope you won’t become an unwitting victim of fake news and conspiracy theories. We will also give you an idea about the deepfake technology, how it works, and how it is used by propagandists and conspiracy theorists to spread disinformation and influence netizens into believing falsehoods.
Currently, deepfakes are largely used by amateur hobbyists for morphing celebrity faces in adult videos, and by unsavory political elements for spreading fake news. However, experts are worried about even more dangerous uses of the technology in the not-so-distant future. So here, we are listing some of the ways to help you detect deepfake videos to prevent you from becoming a victim of malicious disinformation.
- What are Deepfake Videos?
- How Do Deepfakes Work?
- What Are Shallow Fake Videos?
- Deepfakes: History and Applications
- Dangers of Deepfake Videos
- How to Detect Deepfake Videos?
- Deepfakes: Prevention and Legislative Action
What are Deepfake Videos?
A combination of the terms ‘deep learning’ and ‘fake’, deepfakes refer to manipulated media that use artificial intelligence or deep learning techniques to create audio or videos that distort reality. The technology uses artificial neural networks to create hyper-realistic videos that seem to show people saying or doing something they did not in real life. The most virulent examples include videos morphed with the help of machine learning to put words in the mouths of politicians. This is used to create confusion about their policies and influence elections.
How Do Deepfakes Work?
Deepfakes rely on an artificial neural network called ‘autoencoder’, which is used to learn efficient data codings in an unsupervised manner. It is typically used for facial recognition, as well as to find the semantic meaning of words, etc. In the case of deepfake videos, the technology first uses an encoder to train a neural network on many hours of real video footage of the target individual. Then, a decoder reconstructs a new image using key information about their facial features and body posture. This helps the algorithm superimpose the target’s facial and physical features on the person in the original video.
A shallow fake video is a tampered version of an existing real video, created to project a distorted reality. This often includes selective editing, manipulating the speed of people’s speeches or conversations, and even changing the tonality to make it sound like someone is angry, intoxicated, or making fun of a serious issue, when none of that is true.
One notable recent case includes the notorious tweaked video of US House speaker, Nancy Pelosi, whose shallow-fake video slowed down her speech to make her sound inebriated. These videos are different from deepfakes insofar as these are real videos manipulated using traditional video-editing tools instead of AI algorithms.
Deepfakes: History and Applications
Photo manipulation techniques were originally invented in the late 19th century. The technology improved steadily throughout the twentieth century before the explosion in AI and machine learning technologies made it a massive problem for netizens worldwide. AI-infused video manipulation techniques have been widely studied by researchers since the 1990s, and many of the methods have since been adopted by filmmakers worldwide.
Deepfake videos are a danger to unsuspecting users who may be bombarded with images of a supposed destabilizing event, like a war or terrorist attack that never happened. It can cause resentment and discontent in society, leading to an increase in politically-motivated attacks based on people’s racial, religious, and ethnic identities. The technology could also be used to spread FUDs (fear, uncertainly, and doubt) about natural disasters, causing widespread panic. Experts also predict that if left unchecked, such videos can provoke deep political crises and even disrupt international relations.
Another major problem that has already assumed pandemic proportions is the threat against unsuspecting women. Often referred to as non-consensual pornography, deepfake adult videos reportedly accounted for more than 90% of all deepfakes on the internet in 2019. While it started with morphed videos depicting celebrities like Gal Gadot and Alexandra Daddario, it has since expanded to target regular women as part of fake revenge porn campaigns.
Detecting deepfake videos is a job that even experts often find difficult without the right tools. However, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have come up with several suggestions that can help regular folks tell the difference between real videos and deepfakes. According to them, one needs to pay close attention to the face while trying to check if a video of a human subject is real or fake. That’s because high-end deepfake manipulations are almost always facial transformations.
According to MIT researchers, high-quality deepfakes are not easy to detect, but “with practice, people can build intuition for identifying what is fake and what is real”. The researchers also created a full-fledged webpage where folks can upload videos and try to guess whether they are real or fake. You can try out your deepfake detection skills on MIT’s Detect Fakes website.
Various countries from around the world are already trying to address the clear and present danger posed by AI-infused deepfakes. While China banned deepfake videos back in 2019, the US state of California also introduced similar legislation earlier in the same year to make political deepfakes illegal, outlawing the creation or distribution of doctored videos, images, or audio of politicians within 60 days of an election. Since then, other US states, including Texas and Virginia, have also criminalized deepfake porn. In December 2019, President Trump signed the nation’s first federal law to combat deepfakes as part of the National Defense Authorization Act, 2020.
Prevent the Spread of Disinformation by Spotting Deepfake Videos
Once the preserve of multi-million dollar Hollywood productions and state-sponsored agencies and organizations, deepfakes have become increasingly more democratized in recent times. This is enabling regular netizens to crate deepfakes using deepfake apps and websites. With the astronomical increase of deepfakes in recent years, being able to detect them is more important than ever before.
